反刍动物对不同方法加工处理青粗饲料的利用效果

总结了农作物秸秆、青贮饲料和苜蓿的国内外加工处理方法及反刍动物对其的利用效果。     

小肽营养素对奶牛泌乳性能的影响

试验选择泌乳期中国荷斯坦奶牛32头,随机分为4组,A组(对照组)为基础精料日粮组;B、C、D组分别为基础精料日粮 0.1%、0.3%、0.5%小肽营养素。正试期28d。结果表明,添加0.1%、0.3%、0.5%小肽营养素后,奶牛头日平均产奶量分别提高1.67kg(6.38%)(P<0.05)、1.75kg(6.69%)(P<0.05)和1.64kg(6.27%)(P<0.05)。添加小肽营养素后,乳蛋白和乳脂率均有所提高,其趋势随小肽营养素添加量的增加而提高。添加0.1%、0.3%、0.5%小肽营养素后,奶牛头日净增效益3.52元、3.40元、2.86元。综合生产性能和经济效益,以添加0.1%-0.3%小肽营养素为适宜。     

一起未经检疫调运牲畜引发疫情的调查处理

1案情2003年3月23日锡盟正镶白旗改良站从通辽市科左后旗查金台牧场购入26头西门塔尔牛 (其中3头种公牛 ) ,用汽车从科尔沁区运抵锡盟正镶白旗羊场 ,并与2002年11月从通辽科左后旗查金台牧场购入的10头牛混群饲养。24日下午起 ,新购进牛陆续发病 ,至31日病牛已达26头 (新购和原购的牛都有 ) ,旗兽医站接到疫情报告后即派兽医人员到羊场调查情况 ,并采取了相应措施。兽医人员初步诊断为某一类病 ,于是向旗、盟畜牧局和政府上报疫情。并采取病料送自治区兽医站检验诊断 ,确诊为某一类传染病。2处罚经自治区动物防疫监督检验所调查取证 ,这是一…     

水产动物诱食剂的研究进展

在水产养殖中 ,很多饲料投放后未被动物采食就沉入了水底 ,不但浪费了饲料 ,而且还污染了水质和提高了饲料成本 ,而水产动物诱食剂可以缓解这些问题。     

阿莫西林、舒巴坦联用对鸭实验性大肠杆菌病的疗效试验

用试管两倍稀释法测定了阿莫西林、阿莫西林与舒巴坦联合对大肠杆菌的体外抗菌活性,并观察阿莫西林与舒巴坦联合治疗耐阿莫西林大肠杆菌诱发的鸭大肠杆菌病的效果。结果表明:阿莫西林与舒巴坦联合对鸭大肠杆菌产酶菌株体外抗菌活性优于阿莫西林,表现为明显的体外协同作用。阿莫西林与舒巴坦联用治疗耐阿莫西林大肠杆菌诱发的鸭大肠杆菌病,按10mg/kg体重(以阿莫西林量计算)肌肉注射,阿莫西林与舒巴坦联用1∶1和2∶1的有效率、治愈率分别为92.5%、92.5%和85%、80%,均显著高于感染对照组、阿莫西林饮水组及阿莫西林肌肉注射组(P<0.01)。     

新生仔猪肝脏发育的肝细胞生化分析

选择新生仔猪15头，分别于出生当日(0 d)、出生后3d及7d屠宰取样，制作肝脏电镜切片进行组织学分析，并测定肝脏中DNA、RNA含量及常规生化指标。结果显示：新生仔猪肝细胞中内质网、线粒体等细胞器都很丰富，而且各细胞器的结构已经发育成熟。肝脏质量在仔猪出生后1周尤其是3d内迅速增加(P＜O．01)，远远快于体重增加的速度。仔猪肝脏的蛋白质含量在生后1周也迅速增加(P＜O．01)；而肝糖原贮备在刚出生时较高，出生后迅速下降(P＜O．01)。仔猪出生后肝脏中DNA和RNA浓度的变化趋势正好相反，前者在出生后3d内明显下降(P＜O．05)，4～7d又有增加趋势，而RNA浓度以3d为最高。试验结果表明，仔猪到出生时肝细胞的结构和功能基本发育成熟。仔猪出生以后，肝脏的生长发育十分迅速，不仅肝细胞的数量快速增加，肝细胞的体积也不断增大。     

奶牛瘤胃酸中毒的发病机理与营养调控

瘤胃酸中毒主要是由于饲喂大量的极易发酵的碳水化合物,引起瘤胃内酸度升高,从而导致机体功能紊乱的一种营养代谢病。发病快、病程短、病症重、死亡率高,给奶牛养殖造成严重的损失。本文主要就奶牛瘤胃酸中毒的发病机制及预防的研究进展作了简要综述。合理调配饲料,日粮中添加缓冲物质,调控瘤胃内微生物区系,加强饲养管理等手段的综合运用可有效的防止瘤胃酸中毒的发生。     

The construction and application of a population physiologically based pharmacokinetic model for methadone in Beagles and Greyhounds

Methadone is an opioid analgesic in veterinary and human medicine. To help develop appropriate pain management practices and to develop a quantitative model for predicting methadone dosimetry, a flow‐limited multiroute physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model for methadone in dogs constructed with Berkeley Madonna? was developed. The model accounts for intravenous (IV), subcutaneous (SC), and oral administrations, and compartmentalizes the body into different components. This model was calibrated from plasma pharmacokinetic data after IV administration of methadone in Beagles and Greyhounds. The calibrated model was evaluated with independent data in both breeds of dogs. One advantage of this model is that most physiological parameter values for Greyhounds were taken directly from the original literature. The developed model simulates available pharmacokinetic data for plasma concentrations well for both breeds. After conducting regression analysis, all simulated datasets produced an R ² > 0.80 when compared to the measured plasma concentrations. Comparative analysis of the dosimetry of methadone between the breeds suggested that Greyhounds had ~50% lower 24‐hr area under the curve (AUC) of plasma or brain concentrations than in Beagles. Furthermore, population analysis was conducted with this study. This model can be used to predict methadone concentrations in multiple dog breeds using breed‐specific parameters.     

The effect of maternal obesity on fatty acid transporter expression and lipid metabolism in the full‐term placenta of lean breed swine

This study was conducted to evaluate the influence of back‐fat thickness (BF), at mating of sows, on the maternal and newborn circulating lipids, expression of placental fatty acids (FA) transporters and lipid accumulation in placenta. Full‐term placentas were obtained by vaginal delivery from BFI (9–14 mm; n = 37), BFII (15–19 mm; n = 43) and BFIII (20–27 mm; n = 38) sows according to BF at mating, and frozen placental sections were analysed for fat accumulation. Blood samples were collected from the sows of day 105 pregnancy and from cord blood at delivery. mRNA and protein expression levels were evaluated with real‐time RT‐PCR and Western blotting. Our results demonstrated that BFII females had significantly increased litter weight and placental efficiency, decreased maternal triglyceride (TG) and non‐esterified fatty acids (NEFA) levels, decreased maternal IL‐6, TNFα and leptin levels compared to BFIII females (p < .05). BFIII sows were associated with significantly decreased newborn TG levels, increased newborn glucose, IL‐6 and TNFα levels compared to BFI or BFII sows (p < .05). BFI and BFII females had significantly decreased placental TG, NEFA and cholesterol (CHOL) contents compared to BFIII females (p < .05). Moreover, decreased CD36, FATP1, FABP4, and FABP1 mRNA and protein and FATP4 protein expression, and increased LPL activity were also observed in BFIII group compared with BFII group (p < .05). PPARγ mRNA and protein and lipogenic genes such as SREBP‐1c, ACSL1, ACCα, FAS and SCD mRNA expression were downregulated or upregulated, respectively, in the placentas of BFIII sows compared to BFI or BFII sows (p < .05). Overall, this study demonstrated that there is no advantage, in terms of litter live size, litter weight and placental FA transport and metabolism, in performing the mating of sows with BF>19 mm.     

Polyphenols in Eucalyptus leaves improved the egg and meat qualities and protected against ethanol‐induced oxidative damage in laying hens

Polyphenols in Eucalyptus leaves (PE) were value resources due to various pharmacological activities, but data on the effect on laying hens are very scare. This study was conducted to determine the effect of PE on the laying performance, egg traits, meat quality, antioxidant status and liver tissues of laying hens. One hundred and twenty 256‐day‐old Yueqinhuang laying hens were randomly assigned to four treatment groups (different levels of PE at 0, 0.5, 0.8 and 1.2 g/kg diet) for 63 days with 15 replicates per group. Addition of 0.8 g/kg PE not only improved the egg trait by increasing the eggshell thickness and decreasing MDA production and cholesterol content in the egg yolk, but also significantly enhanced meat quality of hens, as suggested by the increase pH_45 min (p < .01) and a* value, and decrease drip loss rate (p < .01). Meanwhile, under acute ethanol‐induced oxidative damage condition, supplementation of 0.8 g/kg PE enhanced the serum antioxidant status by increasing enzymatic activities (GSH‐PX, T‐SOD, T‐AOC), inhibited oxidative damage and provided protective effect to liver tissue. In conclusion, addition of 0.8 g/kg PE not only improved the egg traits and meat quality without obvious adverse effects, but also increased the serum antioxidant status of the hens and protected their liver tissue from ethanol‐induced oxidative damage. This study indicated that PE could be utilized as an effective feed additive for laying hens to improve health performance and egg traits.